Mosquito Known to Transmit Malaria Has Been Detected in Ethiopia for the First Time

January 16, 2019

Public health concern is a possible emergence of malaria in new regions, Baylor researcher says


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WACO, Texas (Jan. 16, 2019) — A type of mosquito that transmits malaria has been detected in Ethiopia for the first time, and the discovery has implications for putting more people at risk for malaria in new regions, according to a study led by a Baylor University researcher.

The mosquito, Anopheles stephensi, normally is found in the Middle East, Indian Subcontinent and China. Previous research shows that more than 68 percent of Ethiopia’s population is at risk for malaria, with an average of 2.5 million cases reported annually, according to the World Malaria Report of 2017.

"From a public health standpoint, or that mosquito populations are increasing where they were once were scarce," said researcher Tamar Carter, Ph.D., assistant professor of tropical disease biology in Baylor’s College of Arts & Sciences, who led the lab work and genetic analysis that led to the identification of the species.

“If these mosquitoes carry malaria, we may see an emergence of malaria in new regions,” she said.

More studies are needed to determine how effective the Anopheles stephensi is in delivering a single-celled parasite that can trigger different forms of malaria, according to the research article “First detection of Anopheles stephensi Liston, 1901 (Diptera: culicidae) in Ethiopia using molecular and morphological approaches”. It was published in Acta Tropoica, an international journal on infectious diseases.

"We need to confirm that Anopheles stephensii carries malaria parasites in Ethiopia," Carter said. "We also need to investigate how the Anopheles stephensi got to Ethiopia and other parts of the Horn of Africa. The question I am particularly interested in is if Anopheles stephensi is a relatively recent introduction or something that has been flying under the radar in Ethiopia for a long time.

"Clarifying this will help guide better mosquito control efforts in Ethiopia,” she said. “We plan to use genomic techniques to study the history of Anopheles stephensi in Ethiopia. More research is needed on the feeding and breeding behavior of the Ethiopian Anopheles stephensi, and how well it responds to insecticides, to determine best ways to control the mosquito population."

If the mosquito’s propensity for feeding indoors is observed in Ethiopia, different malaria control strategies may need to be implemented, such as insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual insecticide spraying.
Throughout November and December 2016, researchers from Jigjiga University in Ethiopia, led by co-first-author Solomon Yared of Jigjiga, collected mosquito larvae and pupae from water reservoirs in Kebri Dehar, an eastern Ethiopian city with a population of 1.3 million, in the Ethiopian Somali Regional State. These larvae were reared to adulthood. Subsequent review of the morphological data confirmed findings from the genetic analysis.
Kebri Dehar has an estimated population of 100,191 — 51,327 men and 48,864 women, according to figures from the Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency in 2007.

The highest levels of malaria transmission are observed in the north, west and eastern lowland of Ethiopia, according to the research article. Malaria transmission exhibits a seasonal and unstable pattern there, varying with altitude and rainfall.

The article further states that as the migration of people in search of fertile land for crop production and livestock rearing along the river basin, there is concern that malaria transmission may continue to increase in and outside the region. In the eastern lowlands, such as Afar and the Ethiopian Somali Regional State, malaria is endemic along the rivers, where small-scale irrigation activities are practiced for agricultural purposes.
To date, 44 species and subspecies of anopheline mosquitoes have been documented in Ethiopia, with the predominant malaria type being Anopheles arabiensis.

To gain better insight into the geographic range of Anopheles stephensi, the next step is to conduct mosquito surveys in multiple locations throughout Ethiopia, Carter said. Researchers believe the effort should center on the eastern portion, where they said information on malaria vectors in general is scarce. They said both rural and urban surveys are needed, particularly to investigate the role that livestock presence plays in Anopheles stephensi abundance.

Other researchers were Solomon Yared, Araya Gebresilassie, Mohammed Ibrahim and Seid Mohammed, all of Jigjiga University; and Victoria Bonnell, Lambodhar Damodaran, Karen Lopez and Daniel Janies, all of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte.

*This study was financially supported by Jigjiga University. This project was partially funded by the University of North Carolina at Charlotte Multicultural Postdoctoral Fellowship.

ABOUT TAMAR CARTER

Tamar Carter, Ph.D., assistant professor of tropical disease biology in Baylor’s College of Arts & Sciences, previously was a post-doctoral fellow at University of North Carolina-Charlotte and before that, a Ferguson Fellow in an internship program for the Division of Viral Diseases in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. She is partnering with the President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) VectorLink group to continue research on Anopheles stephensi in Ethiopia. PMI is a United States government initiative to control and eliminate malaria, a leading global cause of premature death and disability. At Baylor, Dr. Carter is part of biology’s Cell, Molecular, Health and Disease (CMHD) research group, where she focuses on tropical disease and vector biology. She also was named a 2018-2019 Rising Star through Baylor’s Office of the Vice Provost for Research.

ABOUT BAYLOR UNIVERSITY

Baylor University is a private Christian University and a nationally ranked research institution. The University provides a vibrant campus community for more than 17,000 students by blending interdisciplinary research with an international reputation for educational excellence and a faculty commitment to teaching and scholarship. Chartered in 1845 by the Republic of Texas through the efforts of Baptist pioneers, Baylor is the oldest continually operating University in Texas. Located in Waco, Baylor welcomes students from all 50 states and more than 80 countries to study a broad range of degrees among its 12 nationally recognized academic divisions.

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The College of Arts & Sciences is Baylor University’s oldest and largest academic division, consisting of 25 academic departments and seven academic centers and institutes. The more than 5,000 courses taught in the College span topics from art and theatre to religion, philosophy, sociology and the natural sciences. Faculty conduct research around the world, and research on the undergraduate and graduate level is prevalent throughout all disciplines.